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Bulls are political declarations issued by the Pope. They're retractable. They came from a time when the Vatican wielded significant political power. There is not enough space here to fully explain each of these papal bulls and their contents. I direct you to the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops' own statement against the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius. Suffice it to say that these papal bulls, taken collectively, amounted to approval for certain Catholic European countries to assert sovereignty over new regions.Of course, those governments did whatever they wanted, with or without the Vatican's assent. For example, one of these infamous papal bulls is Inter Caetera from 1493. It gave Spain the right to govern over a vast portion of the Americas. This bull sought to resolve territorial conflicts between Spain and Portugal. It failed to achieve its goal. Soon after, Spain broke the rules, extending beyond the bounds established by the bull. Spain then went on to use the bull to justify depriving local Indigenous peoples of their land and sovereignty. It's no surprise that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Calls to Action make numerous references to the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius, including a request on Christian denominations to reject it.That's what the Catholic Church has done. It didn't take long. Inter Coetera began to expire a year after it went into existence, all because Spain violated it.
Remember, as the Vatican has indicated.
subsequent papal bulls supersede prior ones. In 1537, the pope, Paul III, issued a new Deus, which declared: "Indians and all other people who may later be discovered by Christians, are by no means to be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property… and that they may and should, freely and legitimately, enjoy their liberty and the possession of their property; nor should they be in any way enslaved; should the contrary happen, it shall be null and have no effect." The Canadian bishops mention many papal decrees that follow the course established by Sublimus Deus:Popes Urban VIII, Benedict XIV, Gregory XVI, and Leo XIII have all condemned the enslavement and abuse of Indigenous peoples, including in the bull Commissum Nobis, Immensa Pastorum, In Supremo, and In PlurimisIn the modern period, the Vatican condemned the bulls before the United Nations in 2010, claiming that "Inter Coetera has already been repealed" and has "no legal or doctrinal value. They go on to assert that "the fact that juridical systems may employ the 'Doctrine of Discovery' as a juridical precedent is therefore now a characteristic of the laws of those states and is independent of the fact that for the Church the document has had no value whatsoever for centuries."More recently, in a 2016 statement condemning the principles that underpinned the Doctrine of Discovery and terra nullius, the Canadian bishops, alongside other leading Catholic Canadian organizations, declared that "we firmly assert that there is no basis in the Church's Scriptures, tradition, or theology, for the European seizure of land already inhabited by Indigenous Peoples" and "we reject the assertion that the principle of the first taker or discoverer, often described as
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